Selection-Related Aspects of Resistance Exercises for Elderly

Autores

  • Alex Silva Ribeiro Unopar, Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Physical Exercise in Health Promotion, PR, Brazil.
  • Cristiane Afonso University North of Parana, Stricto Sensu Graduate Program in Physical Exercise in Health Promotion, PR, Brazil.

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17921/2447-8938.2019v21n3p208-215

Resumo

Abstract
Resistance exercise has been widely recommended for elderly population, since this type of exercise induces important health benefits, especially to improve functional capacity and preserve muscle mass, thus reflecting on the quality of life of older individuals. Among the several components of the resistance exercises the selection of movements to be performed is one of the most important and must be carefully analyzed. Although there may be a wide range of options, the most important recommendations do not specifically indicate the movements that should be included and muscle groups that should be prioritized when prescribing resistance exercise for the elderly. Therefore, considering that there is a lack of information for the Physical Education professional about the topic, this study was developed to support the choices of the movements that will compose the resistance exercise program for the elderly. The study was carried out by compiling and analyzing assumptions and scientific evidences related to resistance exercises and needs of elderly individuals. In conclusion, the choice of movements should be based on the principles of kinesiology, the needs of the elderly, muscle action and exercise safety in order to obtain beneficial results for general health and attenuate possible risks.

Keywords: Exercise. Aging. Physical Exertion.

Resumo
O exercício resistido vem sendo amplamente recomendado para população idosa, uma vez que esse tipo de exercício físico induz a importantes benefícios para saúde; sobretudo, no aprimoramento da capacidade funcional e na preservação da massa muscular, refletindo, desse modo, na qualidade de vida do indivíduo idoso. Dentre os diversos componentes dos exercícios resistidos, a seleção dos movimentos a serem executados é um dos mais importantes e deve ser cuidadosamente analisado. Embora possa existir vasta gama de opções, as principais recomendações não indicam especificamente os movimentos que devem ser incluídos e os grupos musculares que devem ser priorizados nos programas de exercícios resistidos. Portanto, considerando haver uma lacuna de informações sobre o tema, o estudo foi realizado com intuito de subsidiar a seleção dos movimentos que deverão compor os programas de exercícios resistidos para idosos. O estudo foi realizado mediante compilação e análise de pressupostos e evidências científicas referentes aos exercícios resistidos e as necessidades dos idosos. Concluiu-se que a seleção dos movimentos deve ser baseada nos princípios da cinesiologia, nas necessidades dos idosos, na ação muscular e na segurança de execução para se alcançar resultados benéficos para saúde em geral e atenuar possíveis riscos.

Palavras-chave: Exercício. Envelhecimento. Esforço Físico.

Referências

Janssen I, Heymsfield SB, Wang ZM, Ross R. Skeletal muscle mass and distribution in 468 men and women aged 18-88 yr. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2000;89(1):81-8.

Delmonico MJ, Harris TB, Visser M, Park SW, Conroy MB, Velasquez-Mieyer P, et al. Longitudinal study of muscle strength, quality, and adipose tissue infiltration. Am J Clin Nutr 2009;90(6):1579-85. doi: 10.3945/ajcn.2009.28047

Pizzigalli L, Filippini A, Ahmaidi S, Jullien H, Rainoldi A. Prevention of falling risk in elderly people: the relevance of muscular strength and symmetry of lower limbs in postural stability. J Strength Cond Res 2011;25(2):567-74. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181d32213

Richardson JK, Demott T, Allet L, Kim H, Ashton-Miller JA. Hip strength: ankle proprioceptive threshold ratio predicts falls and injury in diabetic neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 2014;50(3):437-42. doi: 10.1002/mus.24134

Perry MC, Carville SF, Smith IC, Rutherford OM, Newham DJ. Strength, power output and symmetry of leg muscles: effect of age and history of falling. Eur J Appl Physiol 2007;100(5):553-61. doi: 10.1007/s00421-006-0247-0

Janssen I, Baumgartner RN, Ross R, Rosenberg IH, Roubenoff R. Skeletal muscle cutpoints associated with elevated physical disability risk in older men and women. Am J Epidemiol 2004;159(4):413-21.

Artero EG, Lee DC, Ruiz JR, Sui X, Ortega FB, Church TS, et al. A prospective study of muscular strength and all-cause mortality in men with hypertension. J Am Coll Cardiol 2011;57(18):1831-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2010.12.025

Ruiz JR, Sui X, Lobelo F, Morrow JR, Jr., Jackson AW, Sjostrom M, et al. Association between muscular strength and mortality in men: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2008;337:a439. doi: 10.1136/bmj.a439

Srikanthan P, Karlamangla AS. Muscle mass index as a predictor of longevity in older adults. Am J Med 2014;127(6):547-53. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2014.02.007

Landi F, Cruz-Jentoft AJ, Liperoti R, Russo A, Giovannini S, Tosato M, et al. Sarcopenia and mortality risk in frail older persons aged 80 years and older: results from ilSIRENTE study. Age Ageing 2013;42(2):203-9. doi: 10.1093/ageing/afs194

Kelley GA, Kelley KS. Is sarcopenia associated with an increased risk of all-cause mortality and functional disability? Exp Gerontol 2017;96:100-3. doi: 10.1016/j.exger.2017.06.008

ACSM. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41(3):687-708. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181915670

Garber CE, Blissmer B, Deschenes MR, Franklin BA, Lamonte MJ, Lee IM, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Quantity and quality of exercise for developing and maintaining cardiorespiratory, musculoskeletal, and neuromotor fitness in apparently healthy adults: guidance for prescribing exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011;43(7):1334-59. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e318213fefb

Schoenfeld BJ. The mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and their application to resistance training. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24(10):2857-72. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181e840f3

Chodzko-Zajko WJ, Proctor DN, Fiatarone Singh MA, Minson CT, Nigg CR, Salem GJ, et al. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Exercise and physical activity for older adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2009;41(7):1510-30. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181a0c95c

Borde R, Hortobagyi T, Granacher U. Dose-Response relationships of resistance training in healthy old adults: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Sports Med 2015;45(12):1693-720. doi: 10.1007/s40279-015-0385-9

Steib S, Schoene D, Pfeifer K. Dose-response relationship of resistance training in older adults: a meta-analysis. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2010;42(5):902-14. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0b013e3181c34465

Csapo R, Alegre LM. Effects of resistance training with moderate vs heavy loads on muscle mass and strength in the elderly: A meta-analysis. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016;26(9):995-1006. doi: 10.1111/sms.12536

Brady AO, Straight CR, Evans EM. Body composition, muscle capacity, and physical function in older adults: an integrated conceptual model. J Aging Phys Act 2014;22(3):441-52. doi: 10.1123/japa.2013-0009

Schoenfeld BJ. Squatting kinematics and kinetics and their application to exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 2010;24(12):3497-506. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181bac2d7

Clark DR, Lambert MI, Hunter AM. Muscle activation in the loaded free barbell squat: a brief review. J Strength Cond Res 2012;26(4):1169-78. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e31822d533d

Hartmann H, Wirth K, Klusemann M. Analysis of the load on the knee joint and vertebral column with changes in squatting depth and weight load. Sports Med 2013;43(10):993-1008. doi: 10.1007/s40279-013-0073-6

Escamilla RF. Knee biomechanics of the dynamic squat exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33(1):127-41.

Aspe RR, Swinton PA. Electromyographic and kinetic comparison of the back squat and overhead squat. J Strength Cond Res 2014;28(10):2827-36. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0000000000000462

Lima AB, Bezerra ES, Orssatto LBR, Vieira EP, Picanco LAA, Dos Santos JOL. Functional resistance training can increase strength, knee torque ratio, and functional performance in elderly women. J Exerc Rehabil 2018;14(4):654-9. doi: 10.12965/jer.1836250.125

Schwanbeck S, Chilibeck PD, Binsted G. A comparison of free weight squat to Smith machine squat using electromyography. J Strength Cond Res 2009;23(9):2588-91. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181b1b181

Vinstrup J, Calatayud J, Jakobsen MD, Sundstrup E, Jay K, Brandt M, et al. Electromyographic comparison of conventional machine strength training versus bodyweight exercises in patients with chronic stroke. Top Stroke Rehabil 2017;24(4):242-9. doi: 10.1080/10749357.2016.1274466

Popov DV, Tsvirkun DV, Netreba AI, Tarasova OS, Prostova AB, Larina IM, et al. [Hormonal adaptation determines the increase in muscle mass and strength during low-intensity strength training without relaxation]. Fiziol Cheloveka 2006;32(5):121-7.

Da Silva EM, Brentano MA, Cadore EL, De Almeida AP, Kruel LF. Analysis of muscle activation during different leg press exercises at submaximum effort levels. J Strength Cond Res 2008;22(4):1059-65. doi: 10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181739445

Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Zheng N, Lander JE, Barrentine SW, Andrews JR, et al. Effects of technique variations on knee biomechanics during the squat and leg press. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001;33(9):1552-66.

McCaw ST, Melrose DR. Stance width and bar load effects on leg muscle activity during the parallel squat. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999;31(3):428-36.

Ema R, Sakaguchi M, Akagi R, Kawakami Y. Unique activation of the quadriceps femoris during single- and multi-joint exercises. Eur J Appl Physiol 2016;116(5):1031-41. doi: 10.1007/s00421-016-3363-5

Earp JE, Newton RU, Cormie P, Blazevich AJ. Inhomogeneous quadriceps femoris hypertrophy in response to strength and power training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015;47(11):2389-97. doi: 10.1249/MSS.0000000000000669

Ericson MO, Nisell R, Ekholm J. Quantified electromyography of lower-limb muscles during level walking. Scand J Rehabil Med 1986;18(4):159-63.

Mills K, Hunt MA, Leigh R, Ferber R. A systematic review and meta-analysis of lower limb neuromuscular alterations associated with knee osteoarthritis during level walking. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2013;28(7):713-24. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2013.07.008

Watanabe K, Kouzaki M, Moritani T. Regional neuromuscular regulation within human rectus femoris muscle during gait. J Biomech 2014;47(14):3502-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2014.09.001

Watanabe K, Kouzaki M, Moritani T. Regional neuromuscular regulation within human rectus femoris muscle during gait in young and elderly men. J Biomech 2016;49(1):19-25. doi: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2015.11.010

Ema R, Wakahara T, Miyamoto N, Kanehisa H, Kawakami Y. Inhomogeneous architectural changes of the quadriceps femoris induced by resistance training. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013;113(11):2691-703. doi: 10.1007/s00421-013-2700-1

Wilk KE, Escamilla RF, Fleisig GS, Barrentine SW, Andrews JR, Boyd ML. A comparison of tibiofemoral joint forces and electromyographic activity during open and closed kinetic chain exercises. Am J Sports Med 1996;24(4):518-27. doi: 10.1177/036354659602400418

Zheng N, Fleisig GS, Escamilla RF, Barrentine SW. An analytical model of the knee for estimation of internal forces during exercise. J Biomech 1998;31(10):963-7.

Wright GA, Delong TH, Gehlsen G. Electromyographic activity of the hamstrings during performance of the leg curl, stiff-leg deadlift, and back squat movements. The Journal of Strength & Conditioning Research 1999;13(2):168-74.

Illera-Dominguez V, Nuell S, Carmona G, Padulles JM, Padulles X, Lloret M, et al. Early functional and morphological muscle adaptations during short-term inertial-squat training. Front Physiol 2018;9:1265. doi: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01265

Orssatto LBR, Moura BM, Sakugawa RL, Radaelli R, Diefenthaeler F. Leg press exercise can reduce functional hamstring:quadriceps ratio in the elderly. J Bodyw Mov Ther 2018;22(3):592-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jbmt.2017.09.023

Lu WW, Luk KD, Holmes AD, Cheung KM, Leong JC. Pure shear properties of lumbar spinal joints and the effect of tissue sectioning on load sharing. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2005;30(8):E204-9.

Chorin F, Cornu C, Beaune B, Frere J, Rahmani A. Sit to stand in elderly fallers vs non-fallers: new insights from force platform and electromyography data. Aging Clin Exp Res 2016;28(5):871-9. doi: 10.1007/s40520-015-0486-1

Ochi A, Yokoyama S, Abe T, Yamada K, Tateuchi H, Ichihashi N. Differences in muscle activation patterns during step recovery in elderly women with and without a history of falls. Aging Clin Exp Res 2014;26(2):213-20. doi: 10.1007/s40520-013-0152-4

Trappe TA, Raue U, Tesch PA. Human soleus muscle protein synthesis following resistance exercise. Acta Physiol Scand 2004;182(2):189-96. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-201X.2004.01348.x

Neumann DA. Kinesiology of the hip: a focus on muscular actions. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2010;40(2):82-94. doi: 10.2519/jospt.2010.3025

Kim D, Unger J, Lanovaz JL, Oates AR. The relationship of anticipatory gluteus medius activity to pelvic and knee stability in the transition to single-leg stance. PM R 2016;8(2):138-44. doi: 10.1016/j.pmrj.2015.06.005

Brindle TJ, Mattacola C, McCrory J. Electromyographic changes in the gluteus medius during stair ascent and descent in subjects with anterior knee pain. Knee Surg Sports Traumatol Arthrosc 2003;11(4):244-51. doi: 10.1007/s00167-003-0353-z

Cowan SM, Crossley KM, Bennell KL. Altered hip and trunk muscle function in individuals with patellofemoral pain. Br J Sports Med 2009;43(8):584-8. doi: 10.1136/bjsm.2008.053553

Massey CD, Vincent J, Maneval M, Johnson JT. Influence of range of motion in resistance training in women: early phase adaptations. J Strength Cond Res 2005;19(2):409-11. doi: 10.1519/R-14643.1

Signorile JF, Zink AJ, Szwed SP. A comparative electromyographical investigation of muscle utilization patterns using various hand positions during the lat pull-down. J Strength Cond Res 2002;16(4):539-46.

Escamilla RF, Babb E, DeWitt R, Jew P, Kelleher P, Burnham T, et al. Electromyographic analysis of traditional and nontraditional abdominal exercises: implications for rehabilitation and training. Phys Ther 2006;86(5):656-71.

Botton CE, Wilhelm EN, Ughini CC, Pinto RS, Lima CS. Electromyographical analysis of the deltoid between different strength training exercises. Medicina Sportiva 2013;17(2):67-71.

Gentil P, Fisher J, Steele J. A Review of the acute effects and long-term adaptations of single- and multi-joint exercises during resistance training. Sports Med 2016. doi: 10.1007/s40279-016-0627-5

Bezerra ES, Moro ARP, Orssatto L, da Silva ME, Willardson JM, Simao R. Muscular performance and body composition changes following multi-joint versus combined multi- and single-joint exercises in aging adults. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018;43(6):602-8. doi: 10.1139/apnm-2017-0655

Nachemson AL. The lumbar spine an orthopaedic challenge. Spine 1976;1(1):59-71.

Downloads

Publicado

2019-09-24

Como Citar

1.
Ribeiro AS, Afonso C. Selection-Related Aspects of Resistance Exercises for Elderly. J. Health Sci. [Internet]. 24º de setembro de 2019 [citado 22º de dezembro de 2024];21(3):208-15. Disponível em: https://journalhealthscience.pgsscogna.com.br/JHealthSci/article/view/6941

Edição

v. 21 n. 3 (2019)

Seção

Artigos

Licença

Os autores devem ceder expressamente os direitos autorais à Kroton Educacional, sendo que a cessão passa a valer a partir da submissão do artigo, ou trabalho em forma similar, ao sistema eletrônico de publicações institucionais. A revista se reserva o direito de efetuar, nos originais, alterações de ordem normativa, ortográfica e gramatical, com vistas a manter o padrão culto da língua, respeitando, porém, o estilo dos autores. As provas finais serão enviadas aos autores. Os trabalhos publicados passam a ser propriedade da Kroton Educacional, ficando sua reimpressão total ou parcial, sujeita à autorização expressa da direção da Kroton Educacional. O conteúdo relatado e as opiniões emitidas pelos autores dos artigos são de sua exclusiva responsabilidade.